Turn-over Rate (TOR), introduced in Full-Duplex-Bench, measures how often a full-duplex spoken dialogue model yields the speaking floor during overlapping speech. TOR is computed from ASR transcripts, and this dependency is important: two commonly-used ASR backends produce TOR estimates that diverge by up to 23.5 percentage points on the same audio, making cross-study comparisons unreliable. We propose the Acoustic Turn-over Rate (ATR), which replaces the ASR step with voice activity detection (VAD). Evaluated on Moshi across all four Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5 scenarios, three independent VAD backends agree within 7.6 percentage points on user interruption — roughly three times more consistent than ASR-based TOR on the same audio. ATR requires no language model, runs locally, and is language-agnostic.
@misc{dike2026atr,title={ATR: An Acoustic Turn-over Rate Metric for Evaluating Overlap Handling in Full-Duplex Spoken Dialogue Systems},author={Dike, Ifeanyi Desmond},year={2026},month=jun,publisher={Zenodo},doi={10.5281/zenodo.20548903},url={https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20548903},}
Preprint
Evaluating Overlap Handling in Gemini 3.1 Flash Live: A Reproduction of Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5
We reproduce the Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5 evaluation pipeline for Gemini 3.1 Flash Live Preview on Apple Silicon (M3 Max, no CUDA), covering four simulated overlap scenarios: background speech, talking to another person, user backchanneling, and user interruption. Gemini responds correctly to user interruption in 72% of cases and resumes after background noise and side conversation in 50–63% of cases. Pitch and speaking rate increase after overlap events while intensity drops, suggesting prosodic adaptation without dominance assertion. The v1.5 metric suite is more reproducible than v1.0 TOR-based metrics as it does not depend on ASR word boundary detection.
@misc{dike2026fullduplex_v15,title={Evaluating Overlap Handling in Gemini 3.1 Flash Live: A Reproduction of Full-Duplex-Bench v1.5},author={Dike, Ifeanyi Desmond},year={2026},month=may,publisher={Zenodo},doi={10.5281/zenodo.20354457},url={https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20354457},}
Preprint
Reproducing Full-Duplex-Bench: Evaluation of Gemini 3.1 Flash Live on Turn-Taking and an Analysis of ASR Backend Sensitivity
We reproduced the Full-Duplex-Bench v1.0 evaluation pipeline for Gemini 3.1 Flash Live Preview and conducted a systematic analysis of how ASR backend choice affects downstream turn-taking metrics. TOR and response latency vary significantly across backends while JSD, backchannel frequency, and LLM-as-judge scores remain stable. Neither backend is universally closer to the paper’s numbers: AssemblyAI matches better on pause handling TOR while MLX Whisper-v3 is closer on backchannel TOR, smooth turn-taking, and latency.
@misc{dike2026fullduplex,title={Reproducing Full-Duplex-Bench: Evaluation of Gemini 3.1 Flash Live on Turn-Taking and an Analysis of ASR Backend Sensitivity},author={Dike, Ifeanyi Desmond},year={2026},month=may,publisher={Zenodo},doi={10.5281/zenodo.20305268},url={https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20305268},}
2018
IEEE IEMCON
Fast Prediction of Equivalent Model of Installed Patch Antenna Radiation Pattern
Happy Monday, Jian Li, Mordecai Raji, and 3 more authors
In 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 2018
This paper presents a fast prediction approach for equivalent modeling of installed patch antenna radiation patterns. The method enables efficient characterization of antenna performance in complex installation environments, reducing computational overhead while maintaining prediction accuracy.
@inproceedings{monday2018fastprediction,title={Fast Prediction of Equivalent Model of Installed Patch Antenna Radiation Pattern},author={Monday, Happy and Li, Jian and Raji, Mordecai and Nneji, Grace and Dike, Ifeanyi and Nneji, Richard},booktitle={2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON)},pages={286--291},year={2018},publisher={IEEE},url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8614869/},}
IEEE IEMCON
An Improved e-Clearance Management System for Graduating Students in a University Environment
Grace Nneji, Jianhua Deng, Sarder Shamir Shakher, and 3 more authors
In 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 2018
This paper presents an improved electronic clearance management system designed to streamline and automate the graduation clearance process for university students, reducing administrative overhead and processing time.
@inproceedings{nneji2018eclearance,title={An Improved e-Clearance Management System for Graduating Students in a University Environment},author={Nneji, Grace and Deng, Jianhua and Shakher, Sarder Shamir and Monday, Happy and Agomuo, David and Dike, Ifeanyi},booktitle={2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON)},pages={74--80},year={2018},publisher={IEEE},url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8614875/},}
IEEE IEMCON
Enhanced Attendance Management System: A Biometrics System of Identification Based on Fingerprint
Happy Monday, Ifeanyi Dike, Jian Li, and 3 more authors
In 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 2018
This paper presents an enhanced attendance management system leveraging fingerprint-based biometric identification to eliminate proxy attendance and improve institutional record accuracy.
@inproceedings{monday2018biometrics,title={Enhanced Attendance Management System: A Biometrics System of Identification Based on Fingerprint},author={Monday, Happy and Dike, Ifeanyi and Li, Jian and Agomuo, David and Nneji, Grace and Ogungbile, Abel},booktitle={2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON)},pages={500--505},year={2018},publisher={IEEE},url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8614776/},}
IEEE IEMCON
Design of an Improved Cost Effective Electronic Locking System
Happy Monday, Jian Li, Grace Nneji, and 3 more authors
In 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 2018
This paper proposes an improved electronic locking system design that achieves enhanced security at reduced cost compared to existing solutions, integrating modern microcontroller architecture with robust authentication mechanisms.
@inproceedings{monday2018locking,title={Design of an Improved Cost Effective Electronic Locking System},author={Monday, Happy and Li, Jian and Nneji, Grace and Ukwuoma, Chiagoziem and Dike, Ifeanyi and Nneji, Richard},booktitle={2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON)},pages={493--499},year={2018},publisher={IEEE},url={https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8614749/},}